This Code also covers safety aspects of the operation and maintenance of those facilities. This Standard applies to on-shore pipeline systems constructed with ferrous materials and that transport gas.
Pipeline system means all parts of physical facilities through which gas is transported, including pipe, valves, appurtenances attached to pipe, compressor units, metering stations, regulator stations, delivery stations, holders and fabricated assemblies. The principles and processes embodied in integrity management are applicable to all pipeline systems.
This Standard is specifically designed to provide the operator as defined in section 13 with the information necessary to develop and implement an effective integrity management program utilizing proven industry practices and processes. This Code Section has rules for the piping in industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings, and multi-unit residences, which does not require the range of sizes, pressures, and temperatures covered in B This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, installation, inspection, examination and testing of piping systems for building services.
It includes piping systems in the building or within the property limits. Covers piping systems that transport aqueous slurries of no hazardous materials, such as coal, mineral ores and other solids between a slurry processing plant and the receiving plant. Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro.
We don't collect information from our users. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. For more precise thermal expansion coefficients for specific mate- A table containing approximate amounts of and in evaluating the effects of piping displacements on expansion or contraction per unit length for selected connected equipment shall consider the full range of temperatures is provided in Table Cold-spring may be useful for maintaining reactions within acceptable limits.
Formal capacity of attached rotating and pressure-containing calculations shall be performed where reasonable doubt equipment and the supporting structure. See The significance behavior of the pipeline.
The degree of restraint may. Part is applicable large-radius bends due to weight or other external to all steel piping within the scope of B The resultant moment shall be 1 aboveground piping that is configured to calculated as accommodate thermal expansion or anchor movements through flexibility MR p [ 0. It is not applicable to sys- tems used in severe cyclic conditions.
It should be used with in paras. There is no assurance that terminal reactions will be d SL in para. The resultant intensified a The net longitudinal stress in unrestrained pipe is moment shall be calculated as. N p equivalent number of cycles during the SL p longitudinal stress calculated according to Suitable spring hangers, sway bracing, etc. The value of N in such cases can be calculated as All NE p number of cycles of maximum computed stress parts of the supporting equipment shall be designed range, SE and installed so that they will not be disengaged by Ni p number of cycles associated with stress movement of the supported piping.
Although they may exceed the material yield strength, b If compression or sleeve-type couplings are used such stresses may often be disregarded because they in exposed piping, provision shall be made to sustain are localized in influence and may be self-limiting or the longitudinal forces noted in a above. If such provi- relieved by local deformation. Examples include stresses sion is not made in the manufacture of the coupling, in branch connections caused by pressure or external suitable bracing or strapping shall be provided, but such loads, or stresses at structural discontinuities.
This Code design must not interfere with the normal performance does not fully address the maximum allowable value of the coupling nor with its proper maintenance. Attach- for local stresses. Proportioning and welding strength require- and T is the temperature derating factor per ments of such attachments shall conform to standard para. Where it is necessary to provide The connection of the pipe to the encircling mem- ling stress estimated using a suitable stability criterion.
Lateral thrusts at branch connections may greatly stresses in the pipe. If the pipe is anchored by bearing at the bend, care b Rock shield shall not be draped over the pipe shall be taken to distribute the load on the soil so that unless suitable backfill and padding are placed in the the bearing pressure is within safe limits for the soil ditch to provide a continuous and adequate support of involved.
If such provision is not made in the changes in length from these stresses, except for several manufacture of the joints, suitable bracing or strapping hundred feet adjacent to bends or ends. At these loca- shall be provided. If connections are made at such a Unequal or the line shall be provided with an anchor sufficient settlements may produce added bending stresses in the to develop the forces necessary to limit the movement.
Free water and hydrocarbons at certain combinations of pressures Conditions that may pipeline operations. Examples of such conditions include long self- odorization, impurities, and other objectionable sub- supported spans, unstable ground, mechanical or sonic stances , appropriate precautions shall be considered to vibration, weight of special attachments, earthquake- address any problems that might adversely affect the induced stresses, stresses caused by temperature differ- pipeline system or the end user.
Temperature differences shall be taken as ure of a gas pipeline is damage to the line caused by the difference between the lowest and highest expected the activities of people along the route of the line. These services, such as water, gas and b The quality of the gas to be transported in the electrical supply, sewage systems, drainage lines and pipeline, or by the pipeline system, shall be considered ditches, buried power and communication cables, streets when designing facilities.
Measures shall be taken to and roads, etc. Determining the Location Class 1 Gas Composition. Noncombustible of the line to damage. Carbon dioxide [see para. Increased specific gravity of the gas stream may are necessary to protect the integrity of the line in the foretell the condensing of heavy hydrocarbons at cooler presence of activities that might cause damage. One of temperatures which may negatively affect operations. This activity compressor capacity calculations.
They also used the provisions related to hydrogen sulfide. Oxygen contributes to corro- type of construction, and maximum allowable operating sion problems in the presence of free water at certain pressure. Construction the lower explosive limit can create an explosive condi- Types A, B, C, and D were eliminated and replaced with tion.
See section and paras. See Table This Division is a Location g Pipelines constructed prior to the publication of Class 1 where the design factor of the pipe is equal to this Edition and designed in accordance with Location or less than 0.
Classes so determined, provided that when observed b Location Class 2. A Location Class 2 is any increases in the number of buildings intended for human 1-mi 1. A be as presented in para. Location Class 2 is intended to reflect areas where the degree of population is intermediate between Location A Location Class 3 is intended to reflect in length such that the individual lengths will include areas such as suburban housing developments, shop- the maximum number of buildings intended for human ping centers, residential areas, industrial areas, and other occupancy.
Count the number of buildings intended for populated areas not meeting Location Class 4 human occupancy within each 1-mi 1. For requirements. Location Class 4 includes areas dwelling unit building is to be counted as a separate where multistory buildings are prevalent, where traffic building intended for human occupancy. Multistory means four or lower stress level pipeline shall be installed if there are more floors aboveground including the first or ground physical barriers or other factors that will limit the fur- floor.
The depth of basements or number of basement ther expansion of the more densely populated area to floors is immaterial. It is intended, however, that where no such barriers exist, ample allow- A Location Class 1 is any 1-mi above are not intended to include groups of fewer than 1. A Location Class 1 is intended cover people in an outside area as well as in a building.
This Division is a Location a It should be emphasized that Location Class 1, 2, Class 1 where the design factor of the pipe is greater 3, or 4 as described in the previous paragraphs is than 0. Steel pipe Class 1, refers only to the geography of that location or may exhibit pronounced differences in strength between the a similar area and does not necessarily indicate that a longitudinal and circumferential directions. The orientation of design factor of 0.
Conse- all aerial crossings require a design factor of 0. The user is alerted to be aware of the standard test b When classifying locations for determining the orientation used to determine conformance of pipe to the mini- design factor for pipeline construction and testing that mum strength requirement of the selected grade, and to consider should be prescribed, due consideration shall be given whether the intended uses or anticipated service conditions of to the possibility of future development of the area.
Division 1 is based on gas pipeline operational experi- ence at operation levels in excess of those previously recommended by this Code. A fracture toughness shall be determined by the following formula for limita- criterion or other method shall be specified to control tions, see para.
In or installing crack arrestors on the pipeline to stop setting the values of the design factor, F, due propagation. To ensure that the pipe has been made for the various underthickness toler- adequate ductility, fracture toughness testing shall be ances provided for in the pipe specifications performed in accordance with the testing procedures listed and approved for usage in this Code.
The appropriate lower and The specified minimum yield test temperature shall be taken to be at or below the strengths of some of the more commonly used lowest expected metal temperature during pressure test- piping steels whose specifications are incorpo- ing if with air or gas and during service, having regard rated by reference herein are tabulated for con- to past recorded temperature data and possible effects venience in Mandatory Appendix D.
The average shear. To ensure that the pipeline been control rolled or quench and tempered may not behave as has adequate toughness to arrest a ductile fracture, the indicated by the equations and may also require a greater Charpy energy to arrest a propagating fracture. Calculations must be pipe shall be tested in accordance with the procedures performed to determine if the decompression exhibits two-phase of supplementary requirements SR5 of API 5L behavior, and an assessment must be made as to the applicability 43rd edition or Annex G of API 5L 44th edition.
The of the arrest equations where additional toughness may be all-heat average of the Charpy energy values shall meet required. Otherwise, mechanical crack arrestors [see d above] or exceed the energy value calculated using one of the should be installed, or the Charpy toughness requirements for following equations that have been developed in various arrest should be verified through experiments or additional calculations.
The user of this Code is advised that lowering of the test temperature to below the minimum design temperature is some- 2 American Iron and Steel Institute AISI times necessary to accurately simulate the performance of materi- als when the pipe wall thickness is significantly greater than the CVN p 0.
The design pressure obtained by the CVN p 0. Annex G of all tests in place after installation where the test pressure API 5L 44th Edition contains additional acceptable exceeds the mill test pressure. This paragraph is not to methodologies for establishing minimum or all heat be construed to allow an operating pressure or design average Charpy energy values.
For pipe manufactured to other standards where the minimum impact values are specified within that stan- Strength, S, in Para. Mechanical crack 1 S value for new pipe qualified under para. Also see section The design factor higher actual value of a property be substituted in the for pipelines or mains supported by railroad, vehicular, steel pipe design formula given in para.
If the pedestrian, or pipeline bridges shall be determined in actual value is less than the specified minimum value accordance with the Location Class prescribed for the of a mechanical property, the actual value may be used area in which the bridge is located. In Location Class 1, where it is permitted by the Code, such as in para. When reduction of pres- The design requirements grooved pipe. Instrumentation devices such as trans- the pipe is to be subjected.
Test fluids shall be removed from piping The design factor in Table All exceptions to basic design and piping components and the piping purged with factors to be used in the design formula are given in natural gas before placing the facilities in service. Particular consideration and Table Rapid depressurization of meter Table When fabricated assemblies, f Other Nonmandatory Considerations for Metering such as connections for separators, main line valve Facilities assemblies, cross connections, river crossing headers, 1 Meter proving reduces measurement uncer- etc.
Where meter design, size, and flow rate allows, Class 1, a design factor of 0. Location Class 1, Division 1 0. Pipelines, mains, and service lines [see para. Crossings of roads, railroads without casing: a Private roads 0. Crossings of roads, railroads with casing: a Private roads 0.
Parallel encroachment of pipelines and mains on roads and railroads: a Private roads 0. Fabricated assemblies [see para. Compressor station piping 0. Near concentration of people in Location Classes 1 and 2 [see para. Particulates shall have a separate isolation valve for isolation pur- and pipeline dust can contaminate meter lubricating oil poses during regulator set-up and maintenance and to and damage bearings and other internal meter prevent a safety device i.
Installation and piping. Lower velocities for monitor regulator systems. High gas velocities in piping increase. Pipe Class E Factor expansion. Elec- Classes 13, 23, 33, 43, 53 0. Classes 13, 23, 33, 43, 53 0. Drilling contractors shall main- tain written design and installation procedures addressing crossings to be completed by the directional Table Geotechnical evalua- 0.
See directional sive sound pressure levels aerodynamic noise and can drilling references in Nonmandatory Appendix C. During installation, care shall be taken to protect where particulate contaminants are a present or poten- the quality and integrity of the external corrosion tial problem. In addition to downstream of a regulator or control valve will allow the minimum inspection and post-inspection testing a more gradual expansion of gas to larger piping and requirements of this Code, consideration shall be given.
Seam welds or instrumented inspection device through the pipe that are not oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of string following installation the pipe are exempt from the evaluation.
To minimize the potential Prior to initiating the reaming operation, consider- b Where pipelines and mains cross areas that are ation shall be given to the potential impact of the opera- normally under water or subject to flooding i.
Line pipe longi- washouts due to the natural hazards of changes in the tudinal seams are not generally regarded as susceptible waterway bed, water velocities, deepening of the chan- to fatigue due to operational pressure cycles in most nel, or changing of the channel location in the waterway, natural gas service. Evaluation of the potential for design consideration shall be given to protecting the fatigue crack growth due to pressure cycles is recom- pipeline or main at such crossings.
The crossing shall mended for pipe containing longitudinal seams where be located in the more stable bank and bed locations. Customary Units the waterway. Buried mains shall F p design factor from Table Where farming or other oper- determined in accordance with paras.
Requirements for cross- ings within casing of railroads and highways are shown For Rock in Table The pipeline operator shall evaluate the need for extending additional pipe protection over the pipeline NOTE: 1 Rock excavation is excavation that requires blasting. Except for off- to the road or railroad.
In areas where farming or 1 A physical barrier or marker may be installed other operations might result in deep plowing, in areas above or around the pipe see para. If a physical subject to erosion, or in locations where future grading barrier is used, the potential conflict with the right-of- is likely, such as at roads, highways, railroad crossings, way maintenance activities should be recognized. Physi- and ditch crossings, additional protection shall be pro- cal barrier or marker methods include: vided.
When such clearance cannot be d extra depth of cover additional to that attained, precautions to protect the pipe shall be taken, required in para. When such clearance cannot be pipe design factor, F, in accordance with Table Casings shall be designed to withstand ble to promote reliable marking of the pipe location the superimposed loads.
Where there is a possibility of through the right-of-way and at the right-of-way limits. If the end sealing is of a type that will retain in conjunction with an effective educational program the maximum allowable operating pressure of the carrier para. Venting of sealed zation of programs that provide notification to operators casings is not mandatory; however, if vents are installed regarding impending excavation activity, if available. Design factors Table Requirements The construction specifica- Smaller than NPS 12 NPS 12 DN 3.
The inspector shall have the authority and larger to order the repair or removal and replacement of any component found that fails to meet the standards of this Code. The first column expresses the maximum shall be adequate to make possible at least the following deflection in an arc length equal to the nominal outside inspections at sufficiently frequent intervals to ensure diameter, and the second column expresses the mini- good quality of workmanship.
This may coated. This may be demon- 5 Inspect the completed welds before they are strated through appropriate testing. When wrinkle 9 Perform such special tests and inspections as are bends are made in welded pipe, the longitudinal weld required by the specifications, such as nondestructive shall be located on or near to the neutral axis of the bend.
Spacing of wrinkles shall be measured along the crotch 10 Inspect backfill material prior to use and of the pipe bend, and the peak-to-peak distance between observe backfill procedure to ensure no damage occurs the wrinkles shall exceed the diameter of the pipe.
On to the coating in the process of backfilling. Changes in direction may be made by the 8 Incidental ripples in the pipe surface may occur use of bends, miters, or elbows under the limitations along the inside radius during the forming of cold field noted below.
Larger ripples may be permitted based on an. In addition, the bend shall to a smooth contour, provided that the resulting wall meet all other provisions of this section. Mitered bends are permitted, provided the Code for the conditions of usage. Deflections a good piece.
Insert patching is prohibited. When used for changes in direction, provided that the arc dents are removed, the damaged portion of the pipe length measured along the crotch is at least 1 in. Precautions shall be taken during manufacture, 2 Stress concentrations that may or may not hauling, and installation to prevent the gouging or involve a geometrical notch may also be created by a grooving of pipe.
Inspection for this purpose electrode or a grinding burn produced by excessive force just ahead of the coating operation and during the on a grinding wheel. Metallurgical notches may result lowering-in and backfill operation is required.
The metallurgical notch carefully examined prior to the repair of the coating to caused by arc burns shall be removed by grinding, pro- determine if the pipe surface has been damaged. Code for the conditions of use. Care shall be 1 Keep a slight flow of gas moving toward the exercised to ensure that the heat of grinding does not point where cutting or welding is being done.
Care shall be suitable materials. This is doubly important if the two openings are at different elevations. Except for offshore pipelines, the pipe shall fit connected to a source of gas, unless a suitable means has the ditch without the use of external force to hold it in been provided to prevent the formation of an explosive place until the backfill is completed.
When long sections mixture in the work area. Slack loops are not prohib- above cannot be taken, one or more of the following ited by this paragraph where laying conditions render precautions, depending on circumstances at the jobsite, their use advisable. All hot taps shall be installed by e Purging of Pipelines and Mains trained and experienced crews.
The following are Introduce a moderately rapid and Operations continuous flow of gas into one end of the line and vent a Operations such as gas or electric welding and the air out the other end. The gas flow shall be continued cutting with cutting torches can be safely performed without interruption until the vented gas is free of air.
If the vent is in a location where that they are completely full of gas or air that is free from the release of gas into the atmosphere may cause a haz- combustible material. Steps shall be taken to prevent a ardous condition, then a slug of inert gas shall be intro- mixture of gas and air at all points where such operations duced between the gas and air. The gas flow shall then are to be performed. The 1 Complete removal of the metallurgical notch created by an arc vented gases shall be monitored and the vent shall be burn can be determined as follows: After visible evidence of the closed before any substantial quantity of combustible arc burn has been removed by grinding, swab the ground area gas is released to the atmosphere.
A blackened spot is evidence of a metallurgical notch and indicates that additional 2 In cases where gas in a pipeline or main is to grinding is necessary. Nitrogen or carbon diox- c Pressure testing with water is recommended ide can be used for this purpose.
However, it is recognized that cer- 3 If a pipeline or main containing gas is to be tain conditions may require testing with gases. When a removed, the operation may be carried out in accordance gas is used as the test medium, the test pressure shall with para.
When testing with gas, a formal risk assessment is recommended, wherein risks is to be filled with air after having been in service, and are identified, and appropriate mitigating measures and there is a reasonable possibility that the inside surfaces practices are identified and implemented to minimize of the facility are wetted with volatile inflammable liq- these additional risks.
Steaming of the facility until all com- tional stresses in the pipeline system, the stresses and bustible liquids have been evaporated and swept out is reactions due to expansion, longitudinal pressure, and recommended. Filling of the facility with an inert gas longitudinal bending shall be investigated prior to test- and keeping it full of such gas during the progress of ing. This investigation shall confirm that the test pres- any work that may ignite an explosive mixture in the sures and loads do not produce unacceptable stresses, facility is an alternative recommendation.
The possibil- strains, deflections, or other conditions that could ity of striking static sparks within the facility must not adversely impact the ability of the system to perform be overlooked as a possible source of ignition. For damage to pipe from freezing of the test medium and example: prevent detrimental pipeline deformation due to desta- 1 Prohibit smoking and open flames in the area.
The operator is 4 Provide a fire extinguisher of appropriate size encouraged to consider pretesting of the test assembly and type, in accordance with NFPA Pre- testing of the test assembly is required when the pressure Subse- quent retesting prior to reuse should be considered if the All piping systems test assembly is suspected to have undergone damage shall be tested after construction to the requirements of during or between tests.
Selected locations should Additionally, single lengths or multiple welded lengths provide testing flexibility while limiting test pressures of pipe previously tested in accordance with this Code between the minimum test pressure and the selected for the purposes of repair or replacement do not require maximum test pressure.
MOP 1. DP TP 1. If an operating company decides that the maximum operating pressure will be less than the design pressure, a corresponding reduction in the prescribed test pressure may be made as indicated in the Pressure Test Prescribed, Minimum column. If this reduced test pressure is used, however, the maximum operating pressure cannot later be raised to the design pressure without retesting the line to a higher test pressure.
See paras. The recommended test medium is water. B and flammable gas may using air or nonflammable, nontoxic gases as the pres- only be used for testing purposes in Location Class 1, sure test medium provided that all of the following: Division 2 locations. Both specified minimum yield strength in class 4 locations sour gas and flammable gas tests must meet the test 2 the maximum pressure at which the pipeline is pressure limitations per Table The minimum 2 approved water of satisfactory quality is not pressure shall be obtained and held at the highest eleva- reasonably available in sufficient quantity tion in the pipeline system.
Permissible During an Air or Gas Test f In selecting the test pressure, the designer or Location Class, Percent of operating company should be aware of the provisions Specified Minimum Yield of section and the relationship between test pressure Strength and operating pressure when the pipeline experiences Test Medium 2 3 4 a future increase in the number of dwellings intended for human occupancy.
Refer to section N-7 of will operate at less than psi kPa shall be tested Nonmandatory Appendix N for a list of suggested rec- after construction and before being placed in operation ords for retention. In Class 2, 3, and 4 seal a split pipe seam. If such coatings are used, the leak Locations, such piping shall be tested in accordance with test pressure shall be psig kPa. All testing of pipelines the test medium within the maximum limits set in and mains after construction shall be done with due Table If the test indicates that a leak to the maximum test stress, and until the pressure is exists, the leak or leaks shall be located and eliminated, reduced to the maximum operating pressure.
Written procedures shall be estab- ing all leaks in the section being tested and shall be lished for commissioning. Procedures shall consider the selected after giving due consideration to the volumetric characteristics of the gas to be transported, the need to content of the section and to its location.
This requires isolate the pipeline from other connected facilities, and the exercise of responsible and experienced judgement, the transfer of the constructed pipeline to those responsi- rather than numerical precision.
Ductile iron pipe shall be grade pipeline system that will be incompatible with the gas and shall conform to all requirements of ANSI A The least As a part of commissioning, all pipeline and standard class for each nominal pipe size as shown in compressor station monitor and control equipment and ANSI A Standard wall thicknesses for systems shall be fully function-tested, especially includ- psi 1 kPa maximum working pressure and ing safety systems such as pig trap interlocks, pressure standard laying conditions at several depths of cover and flow-monitoring systems, and emergency pipeline are shown in Table Consideration should also be given e Ductile Iron Pipe Joints to performing a final test of pipeline valves before the 1 Mechanical Joints.
Ductile iron pipe with gas is introduced to ensure that each valve is operating mechanical joints shall conform to the requirements of correctly. ANSI A Mechan- Ductile iron pipe may be furnished a the system be mechanically complete and with other types of joints provided they are properly operational qualified and meet the appropriate provisions of this b all functional tests be performed and accepted Code.
The use of threaded joints to f transfer of the completed pipeline system to those couple lengths of ductile iron pipe is not recommended.
The following a Laying. Underground ductile iron pipe shall be b cleaning and drying results installed with a minimum cover of 24 in. Where suf- d control equipment systems ficient cover cannot be provided to protect the pipe from e completed prestart checklist external loads or damage and the pipe is not designed to withstand such external loads, the pipe shall be cased OTHER MATERIALS or bridged to protect the pipe. Suitable harnessing or buttressing Ductile would separate the joints.
Ductile s p 16, psi MPa iron pipe joints shall be leak tested in accordance with f p 36, psi MPa para. The design requirements of this sec- Appendix A. Customary Units of the material as determined by the formulas in 2S para. For other applications in Class 1 or 2 Pp! Df and maintenance of existing PVC installations.
SI Units In no case shall the pipe where or piping components be used in applications beyond D p specified outside diameter, in. Df p design factor p 0.
The c The value of t for thermoplastic pipe shall not be design factor is a number less than or equal to less than that shown in Table Manufacturers of the specific pipe material S p for thermoplastic pipe, hydrostatic design basis should be contacted for recommendations or a qualified HDB determined in accordance with ASTM procedure shall be used. In gage pressure of psig kPa , provided that the absence of a HDB established at the speci- 1 the design pressure does not exceed psig fied temperature, the HDB of a higher tempera- kPa.
Part D. SDR p standard dimension ratio, the ratio of the aver- The herein are given in Mandatory Appendix D. The Standard Dimension Ratio System enables the user to select a number of different sizes of pipe for a piping system, all of which will have the same design pressure. When plastic materials of the same design strengths are used, the same Standard Dimension Ratio may be used for all sizes of pipe instead of calculating a value of t for each size. Where plastic piping must be cased or bridged, suitable precautions shall be taken to 2 50 2.
See also 3 75 3. Plastic piping shall conform to the applicable provisions of para. Suffi- value as the maximum design pressure of the corres- cient clearance shall be maintained between plastic pip- ponding pipe size and wall thickness as indicated in the ing and steam, hot water, or power lines and other referenced standard for the fittings and as determined sources of heat to prevent operating temperatures in in paras.
The manufacturer should excess of the limitations of para. Connections a General Provisions. Plastic pipe, tubing, and fit- Ther- compression couplings or flanges.
The method used moplastic valves shall comply with ASTM D and must be compatible with the materials being joined. Plastic piping procedures that have been established and proven by shall conform to the applicable provisions of test to produce gas-tight joints at least as strong as the para.
PA components may be joined to PA same temperature. The completed joint must not be dis- components, and PE components may be joined to turbed until properly set. PE components. PE and PA components shall not 3 Care must be used in the heating operation to be heat-fused to each other. Polyethylene components prevent damage to the plastic material from overheating made of different grades of materials may be heat-fused, or having the material not sufficiently heated to ensure provided that properly qualified procedures for joining a sound joint.
Direct application of heat with a torch or the specific components are used. Any combination of other open flame is prohibited. Sound used, the elastomeric gasket material in the fitting shall joints cannot normally be made between loose or very be compatible with the plastic i. The stiffener shall be free of rough 5 A uniform coating of the solvent cement is or sharp edges and shall not be a force fit in the pipe required on both mating surfaces.
After the joint is made, or tube. Split tubular fittings shall not be used. The joint shall not be disturbed until it has 3 Since pull-out resistance of compression-type properly set. The installation shall be designed and made to minimize 7 A solvent cement joint shall not be heated to these forces as follows: accelerate the setting of the cement. ASTM D shall be followed when solvent cements 3 are used.
The construction specifica- Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of tions shall cover the requirements of this Code and shall Thermoplastic Pipe Materials be in sufficient detail to ensure proper installation.
Nominal Gouges, cuts, kinks, or other forms of damage Material! Care shall be exercised during han- Designation! PE Any such imperfections found PE 9. PE 9. PVC 3. If there PVC 4. More exact values for specific commercial of plastic pipe and tubing. It shall not be pushed or products may be obtained from the manufacturers. Care shall be taken to PVC p polyvinyl chloride. Thermoplastic pipe, tubing, and ture of installed pipe. The importance of this allowance fittings shall be protected from long-term exposure to increases as the length of the installation increases.
Such direct sunlight. This allow- a Aboveground Installation. Plastic piping may be ance may be accomplished by appropriate combina- installed aboveground if it is one of the following: tions of 1 encased in metal pipe that is protected against 1 offsets atmospheric corrosion; protected against deterioration 2 anchoring e.
Encased plastic pipe shall be able to withstand anticipated temperatures without deteriorating or All construc- stated in paras. When protecting tion work performed on piping systems in accordance against external damage, consideration shall be given with the requirements of this Code shall be done using to the need to isolate the encased segment and to safely.
Care shall be taken to the event of a leak or rupture. Plastic piping shall not the casing. Plastic piping shall be installed in such a loading, or it shall be protected with a suitable bridging way that shear or tensile stresses resulting from con- piece capable of withstanding the anticipated external struction, backfill, thermal contraction, or external load- loading. Cooling may be necessary before the tubing, which shall have a minimum wall thickness of last connection is made when the pipe has been installed 0.
If plastic piping is to be laid in the carrier pipe where it may be subjected to freezing soils that may damage it, the piping shall be protected temperatures, the carrier pipe can be constricted to the by suitable rock-free materials before backfilling is com- point where the capacity is affected or the pipe wall pleted. Plastic piping shall not be supported by blocking. To avoid this, one or more Well-tamped earth or other continuous support shall of the following steps shall be taken: be used.
Cooling may volume of water changing to ice will be insufficient to be necessary before the last connection is made crush the carrier pipe. For general 12 buckle the piping or impose excessive stress on the joints. In addi- 5 Backfilling shall be performed in a manner to tion, the following measures shall also be taken for provide firm support around the piping. The material trenchless installations of plastic pipe: used for backfilling shall be free of large rocks, pieces 1 Protecting Pipe of pavement, or any other materials that might damage a Precautions shall be taken to avoid pushing the pipe.
This 7 A positive method of locating plastic piping would include any exposed pipe sections at the pulling systems is required. A common method is the installa- head and at holes dug for test pits, tie-ins, and branch tion of electrically conductive material, such as tracer or service connections. Itisapplicabletothelocationandtypeof support elements but not to the structure to which the support elements are attached.
The design for pressure and temperature shall be in accordance with the require- ments ofPartIP for industrial pipingand PartPL for pipe- lines. Part GR contains requirements applicable to and referenced byotherparts. It contains definitions and requirements for materials, welding, brazing, heat treating, forming, testing, inspec- tion, examination, operation, and maintenance.
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